5/15/2023 0 Comments Cool maths games raft wars 3His discovery of penicillin had changed the world of modern medicine by introducing the age of antibiotics. The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990, greatly expanded our understanding of the Universe and brought brilliant images to TV and computer screens around the world.Ī stamp commemorating Alexander Fleming. Also, by the end of the 20th century, uncrewed probes had visited the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and various asteroids and comets. These satellites greatly advanced navigation, communications, military intelligence, geology, climate, and numerous other fields. Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth. The first orbiting space probe, Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. In addition to human spaceflight, uncrewed space probes became a practical and relatively inexpensive form of exploration.As the century ended, a permanent human presence in space was being founded with the ongoing construction of the International Space Station. The United States developed the first (and to date only) reusable spacecraft system with the Space Shuttle program, first launched in 1981. Later, the first space station was launched by the Soviet space program. The Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union gave a peaceful outlet to the political and military tensions of the Cold War, leading to the first human spaceflight with the Soviet Union's Vostok 1 mission in 1961, and man's first landing on another world-the Moon-with America's Apollo 11 mission in 1969.Safronov's ideas were further developed in the works of George Wetherill, who discovered runaway accretion. In this book, almost all major problems of the planetary formation process were formulated and some of them solved. That same year, Soviet astronomer Victor Safronov published his book Evolution of the protoplanetary cloud and formation of the Earth and the planets.In 1969, Apollo 11 was launched towards the Moon and Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first persons from Earth to walk on another celestial body.Extrasolar planets were observed for the first time. No trace of life was discovered on any of the other planets in the Solar System, although it remained undetermined whether some forms of primitive life might exist, or might have existed, somewhere.Pluto was discovered in 1930 on the edge of the solar system, although in the early 21st century, it was reclassified as a dwarf planet (planetoid) instead of a planet proper, leaving eight planets. The planets of the Solar System and their moons were closely observed via numerous space probes.The age of the Solar System, including Earth, was determined, and it turned out to be much older than believed earlier: more than 4 billion years, rather than the 20 million years suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1862.A much better understanding of the evolution of the universe was achieved, its age (about 13.8 billion years) was determined, and the Big Bang theory on its origin was proposed and generally accepted.The relatively young aerospace engineering industries rapidly grew in the 66 years after the Wright brothers first flight. The development of the television and computers caused massive changes in the dissemination of information.Īmerican Buzz Aldrin during the first moonwalk in 1969. The first airplane flight occurred in 1903, and by the end of the century large airplanes such as the Boeing 777 and Airbus A330 flew thousands of miles in a matter of hours. Technologies such as electricity, the incandescent light bulb, the automobile and the phonography, first developed at the end of the 19th century, were perfected and universally deployed. Advances in biology led to large increases in food production, as well as the elimination of diseases such as polio.Ī massive amount of new technologies were developed in the 20th century. New models of the structure of the atom led to developments in theories of chemistry and the development of new materials such as nylon and plastics. The development of post-Newtonian theories in physics, such as special relativity, general relativity, and quantum mechanics led to the development of nuclear weapons. There were new and radical developments in the physical, life and human sciences, building on the progress made in the 19th century. Science advanced dramatically during the 20th century.
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